Paleobiology

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Punctuated Equilibria at 50: Revisiting Evolution’s Boldest Idea

Fifty years ago, palaeontologists Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould published one of the most provocative ideas in evolutionary science: punctuated equilibria. In their 1972 paper, they argued that species don’t always evolve through slow, steady change. Instead, the fossil record shows long periods of stasis, times when species remain remarkably stable, interrupted by brief bursts of evolutionary innovation linked to the origin of new species.

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Sharks help us to rebuild the tails of ancient marine monsters

When we picture mosasaurs, the giant marine reptiles that ruled the oceans during the Late Cretaceous, we often imagine long, snake-like monsters propelling through the water. But what did their tails really look like? The fossil record rarely preserves the soft tissues from which fins and muscles are constructed, leaving paleontologists with only bones to infer what these propulsive features may have looked like.

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How the Earth’s first animals reclaimed the seafloor after catastrophe

The first geographically widespread animals in geological history appear in the Ediacaran period, in the Avalon assemblage, between 574 and 560 million years ago. The first animal communities were host to strange and unfamiliar organisms known as rangeomorphs and arboreomorphs, as well as more recognisable cnidarians (invertebrates like sea anemone and jellyfish).

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The importance of soft-bodied organisms in ancient food webs

Past extinction events are key to understanding how modern life will respond to climate change. For ecologists who study communities of interacting organisms, the fossil record holds a wealth of information about how different species react to environmental perturbations, but with a major drawback — it only captures species with bones and shells.

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Climate change helped kill off super-sized Ice Age animals in Australia

A new study in Paleobiology has compared the diet of a variety of Australian megafaunal herbivores from the period when they were widespread (350,000 to 570,000 years ago) to a period when they were in decline (30,000 to 40,000 years ago) by studying their fossil teeth. The analysis suggests that climate change had a significant impact on their diets and may well have been a primary factor in their extinction.

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